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The Opioid Epidemic

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  • Opioid-related morbidity and mortality have dramatically increased in the United States over the last several decades.
  • Opioid prescribing after surgery has often been in excess, in part owing to the absence of clear prescribing guidelines based on patient-reported pain and opioid-related outcomes.
  • Disposal of excess pills after surgery remains low, and unused opioid pills are an important contributor to the opioid epidemic owing to diversion and misuse.


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Upp, L. A., Waljee, J. F. Published online April 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2019.12.005